Crusader Kings II is the game that launched a thousand DLCs, and pretty much spawned an unprecedented system of post-release expansions that could see a game supported even five or six years after the original launch. It's the grand-strategy game that put the genre on the map and allowed for the mainstream success of future games such as EU4 and Stellaris.

Now, with Crusader Kings 3officially announced, it seems DLC support for CK2 is finally coming to end. But that still represents a library of extra stuff that comes with a hefty price-tag despite the base game going Free-to-Play. Across 15+ DLCs (if we’re just counting the major, gameplay-altering ones), you can expect to pay nearly $200 extra (at full price) to acquire the “full” experience. It's tough to digest if you’re just getting started, so we’ve broken down every DLC and whether we think it's worth your money.

Strategy Gamer is a Paradox Store affiliate, and we earn commission on any purchase made via that store. The below content is available on other platforms like Steam, although you get a steam key via the PDX store anyway.

This is a guide on how to maximize the religious conversion of territory in Crusader Kings 2. For more information, check out my tutorial playlist: https://w. Success: Creates a strong uninheritable claim on a county or duchy. Fabricating a county claim costs the ruler prestige (50 for counts, 100 for dukes, 150 for kings+) and 1 year's income. The costs for a duchy claim are doubled. The target will be furious (-25 opinion for 10 years).

SWORD OF ISLAM (2012) - $9.99

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Highlights:

Unlocks Muslim rulers (base CK2 only allows you to select Christian characters) with loads of new mechanics

• Decadence can cause your dynasty to collapse if you engage in immoral behavior.
• A new succession type for Muslim realms in which all legitimate sons have a shot at inheritance based on their prestige.
• Ability to have up to four wives.
• New CBs (reasons to go to war) specific to the Muslim world.
• Tons of new, Muslim-specific events and decisions, such as going on Hajj to Mecca.

Is it worth it?

As you’re going to discover with many CK2 expansions, it depends highly on whether or not you are interested in playing the new content it unlocks. You can play non-Muslim rulers forever and the fact that you don’t have this DLC installed will have no effect on you at all. They are a rather large, distinct, and interesting sphere of CK2’s world, however, and quite worth giving a spin if you’re looking for something different from feudal Catholic Europe.

LEGACY OF ROME (2012) - $4.99

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Highlights:

• New decisions and events for the Byzantine Empire, allowing them to restore the Roman Empire by capturing its former territories.
• Orthodox rulers can Mend the Schism, re-uniting the Western and Eastern halves of the church and rendering Roman Catholicism a heresy.
• A new army type called retinues, in contrast to feudal levies which must be called to war each time, represent standing armies like those of the Byzantines that exist on the map at all times and never need to be disbanded.

Is it worth it?

Absolutely. It’s only $5, and retinues are such an essential element of late game CK2 that you’re basically handicapping yourself by not having access to them. The other features are fairly specific to Byzantium and other Eastern Orthodox rulers, but retinues alone put Legacy of Rome on the essential list - especially since it tends to go for under $3 on sale.

SUNSET INVASION (2012) - $4.99

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Highlights:

• Adds an ahistorical invasion of technologically-advanced Aztecs who arrive from across the Atlantic to conquer Europe in the late game.
• Introduces Nahuatl culture and the Aztec pagan religion.

Is it worth it?

As probably CK2’s most controversial expansion, and the only highly anachronistic one, that’s a bit of a loaded question. It’s probably the least essential expansion, and I play with it turned off the vast majority of the time. That being said, there is enjoyment to be had if you go in knowing you want an unrealistic and almost silly campaign that’s quite a bit different from what CK2 has to offer otherwise. It also puts pressure on Western Europe at a time when things can start to feel static, similar to the role the Mongols play in Eastern Europe.

THE REPUBLIC (2013) - $9.99

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Highlights:

• Unlocks playable merchant republics, such as Venice, Genoa, and the Hansa.
• Can build trade posts in other rulers’ provinces to extend their trade networks and get richer.
• Rather than playing a hereditary ruler, you play the head of one of a number of powerful families who try to influence elections to stay in power.
• Lots of new events specific to republics.

Is it worth it?

Like Sword of Islam, this one is entirely situational. You won’t see any of its effects if you only ever play feudal rulers. And given that there are a fairly small number of republics in the game’s timeframe, it opens up fewer, new options than most of the character-unlocking DLCs. Still, republics offer a rather unique way to play the game that can help keep things from feeling stale, especially for players who love to amass gold and spend it on cool stuff.

THE OLD GODS (2013) - $14.99

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Highlights:

• Unlocks playable pagans (Norse, Slavic, Suomenusko, and Romuva) and Zoroastrians with tons of new mechanics for each.
• Adds a new start date in 867, the height of the Viking Age.
• Lots of new Viking mechanics, such as coastal raids and being able to sail your longships up major rivers.
• Revolts are now led by a named leader character who can be captured, killed, or reasoned with like other rulers.
• Adventurers are a new AI character type, representing warriors with no land who gather an army and set off to conquer distant lands.
• Adds the ability to “reform” a pagan religion to make it more capable of competing with the Abrahamic faiths.
• Zoroastrians can restore the old Persian Empire by reclaiming it from the Muslim conquerors.

Is it worth it?

Absolutely. This is still probably my overall favorite CK2 expansion, though I admit that I’m heavily biased towards all things Norse pagan. The 867 start date is far more volatile and dynamic than 1066, with greater ahistorical possibilities, while not straying so far out of the feudal age that it feels like a bad fit for CK2’s mechanics -- which is the impression I often get from the even earlier 769 start added in the Charlemagne expansion, which we will discuss below. Pagans and Zoroastrians are a ton of fun, as are their respective mechanics for cementing their places in history.

SONS OF ABRAHAM (2013) - $9.99

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Highlights:

• Introduces the Catholic College of Cardinals, which can be manipulated to put a friendly Pope in power.
• Adds Judaism as a playable religion with new events, decisions, and mechanics.
• Two new Catholic holy orders.
• New holy orders for religions that didn’t have them already (such as Zoroastrians).
• The ability to borrow money from the Knights Templar/
• A huge number of new events, many for Abrahamic faiths.
• Christians can now go on pilgrimages to holy sites.
• Muslims can side with the Mutazilitie (science-focused) or Ashari (piety-focused) schools.
• Christians can force relatives and courtiers to take the vows and become a monk or a nun.

Is it worth it?

This is the first major expansion to expand on Catholic Europe, the area the game focused on at release. If that’s your thing, this one is borderline essential. The new holy orders make a big difference in making some previously bare bones religions feel fleshed-out. Judaism gets some pretty cool stuff, like being able to restore the Kingdom of Israel, which makes for a fun playthrough. And the new Muslim mechanics offer an interesting trade-off, allowing you to continue the scientific revolution of medieval Islam at the risk of potentially offending some of your more devout coreligionists. There’s something for everyone, but Muslim, Christian, and Jewish characters will get the most out of it.

RAJAS OF INDIA (2014) - $14.99

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Highights:

• Unlocks playing as the Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain rulers of the Indian subcontinent.
• Tons of events and decisions for the religions listed above.
• Members of Indian faiths are tolerant of one-another, so a Buddhist ruler isn’t obligated to convert his Hindu subjects.
• War elephant units for Indian rulers.

Is it worth it?

This one is very easy to ignore if you’re not particularly interested in the Indian subcontinent, especially given its relative distance and isolation from the rest of the map. The Indian religions are each flavorful and interesting, but to this day still feel less fleshed-out and more disconnected from the rest of the map. There’s plenty of enjoyment to be had, but it’s definitely among the least essential DLCs.

CHARLEMAGNE (2014) - $14.99

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Highlights:

• A new, even earlier start date of 769 AD, when Charlemagne was competing with his brother Karloman to rule over the Franks.
• A bunch of events and decisions tied to Charlemagne and Karloman that give a number of different ways for their fates to play out.
• Empires with sufficient legalism (like Byzantium) can now appoint titles to temporary governors called viceroys instead of handing them out as permanent, hereditary, feudal holdings.
• Adds the playable Zun religion.
• Can now create custom kingdoms and empires not based on historical ones if you own enough land.

Is it worth it?

I have mixed feelings about Charlemagne. At first, I loved the 769 start. But the more I’ve played it, the more two issues become apparent. One: CK2 was not designed to handle this time period. Two: 700 years (769 - 1444) is just too long to play a single campaign. I almost always get bored long before I’m finished, which makes the extra centuries more of a burden than a boon. The story events with Charlemagne are a lot of fun to play through a time or two, but leave the dozens of subsequent generations feeling less dramatic and dynamic. I find it hard to say this expansion isn’t worth ever getting. Quite the contrary. But I don’t consider it nearly as essential as I once did.

WAY OF LIFE (2014) - $7.99

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Highlights:

• Adds character focuses, such as War, Family, and Theology, that each have many associated events to flesh out the day-to-day life of your character.

Is it worth it?

It doesn’t sound like much, but the answer is definitely yes. No matter what kind of character you’re playing focuses can break up the monotony and add a greater sense of reality to the world, while helping to break up the long chunks of time when there might be nothing politically interesting going on. Some of the best events in CK2 came out of this DLC, and I’d have a hard time making myself play without it.

HORSE LORDS (2015) - $14.99

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Highlights:

• New playstyle for nomadic hordes that’s vastly different from their settled counterparts
  • Clans can vie for power to become the Great Khan.
  • Feudal holdings can be razed for pasture land, increasing the potential population of your horde.
  • New succession mechanics where only strong rulers can command respect, allowing vast hordes to collapse with the death of one man.
• Members of your court and family can now found mercenary bands and gather followers to fight with them for pay.
• Adds the Silk Road trade routes, which can be fortified with trade posts to give their owners more income.
• Can now force another ruler to become your tributary in war.

Is it worth it?

We’re back in firmly situational territory here. The hordes can be a ton of fun to play, but are really emblematic of what I see as the developers trying to “hack” CK2’s systems and make them do things they were never intended for. The somewhat awkward management of nomad holdings and governments can get you to wondering why they didn’t just make a new game about horse nomads, instead of trying to shoehorn them into a feudal incest simulator. If you don’t plan on playing as a horse nomad tribe or holding land along the Silk Road, you can definitely skip this one.

CONCLAVE (2016) - $14.99

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Highlights:

• Your ruler’s council now plays a much larger role, able to vote on certain issues and maneuver to gain more authority at the expense of the monarch.
• A new system of favors allows exchanges of resources for votes on the council.
• Powerful vassals will now be very unhappy if not on the council.
• Rework of regencies.
• New system for educating and influencing the traits/stats of young children.
• Rework of realm laws.
• Able to change laws defining the status of women in your society, giving them more equality over time.

Is it worth it?

For my money, absolutely. It was one of the more controversial expansions at launch due to the addition of some questionable features (and I was one of the loudest complainers!) that have since been revised and/or made toggleable game options. But the core of it, the new council mechanics, is fantastic. It brings new depth and strategy to internal politics, makes playing a vassal of a higher ruler much more fun, and more realistically simulates the simple fact that most rulers in the middle ages were not even close to being unchallenged, absolute monarchs. Getting your way is a lot more satisfying when you have to manipulate a bunch of people to do so.

THE REAPER’S DUE (2016) - $9.99

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Highlights:

• Rework of the disease system including symptoms, new diseases, and treatment options via a new appointed office called Court Physician.
• Epidemic diseases can depopulate a province, lowering income and manpower, which takes time to recover from.
• Rulers can now build hospitals in provinces, which protect to some extent against depopulation.
• Provinces that have not been ravaged by war or disease can now become prosperous, increasing income and manpower recovery.
• Crown Focus allows rulers to choose one of their provinces to focus on, increasing its prosperity.
• Tons of new events, including many related to the revamped Black Plague.
• Adds the ability to seal yourself in your castle to avoid an epidemic, triggering many new events related to isolation.
• New ways to torture and execute prisoners

Is it worth it?

Before Reaper’s Due, I was always complaining about how one of the most momentous, continent-changing events of the Middle Ages, the Black Death, was barely represented in CK2. Now, it’s much more of a world event with fanfare and unique mechanics. And while it still doesn’t trigger the kinds of cascading historical changes it did in the real world, it’s still nice to see it getting more recognition. The court physician and prosperity systems are also useful and interesting no matter whom you’re playing.

MONKS AND MYSTICS (2016) - $14.99

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Highlights:

• Adds Societies to the game, which characters can join and rise through the ranks of to gain access to new abilities.
  • The Hermetic society focuses on esoteric learning and the secrets of the cosmos.
  • Lucifer’s Own is devoted to Satan and gives its members dark powers to prolong their lives and harm their enemies
  • The Shia Hashashin are masters of murder and intimidation.
  • Monastic orders for many religions allow you to pursue a life of devotion and purity.
• Lots of new events related to societies.
• Characters now have inventories for storing weapons, artefacts, and symbols of office that have an impact on stats.

Is it worth it?

Some of the societies are really cool, but also nearly as unrealistic as Sunset Invasion at the higher levels. So if you want a purely historical playthrough, it’s probably safe to skip this one. The new events are really the highlight of it all. They’re well-written and often shocking, and combined with those added in previous expansions like Reaper’s Due and Way of Life, really give your character enough to do that you can play CK2 almost as an RPG or a visual novel instead of a strategy game about conquest. At least, until they start to get repetitive - which they definitely will if you stay with the same society for long enough,

Jade Dragon (2017) - $14.99

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Highlights:

• Adds China as an off-map power that can conquer territory on the map by way of the Western Protectorate title, demand tribute, or even be conquered to install your dynasty on the throne.
• New Silk Road mechanics that react to the changing political situation in China
• Rally points that allow you to raise all of your levies and have them travel automatically to a specified province.
• New CBs that make it easier for small rulers surrounded by same-religion rivals to expand.
• Bön and Khurmazta relgions (also unlocked if you own The Old Gods)
• Taoism religion (also unlocked if you own Rajas of India)

Is it worth it?

Rally points and the new CBs are nice, all-around quality of life features. But what will really determine how much bang you get for your buck with Jade Dragon is how often you like to play on the Eastern edge of the map. Having the Chinese Emperor to deal with makes the region feel very different, both in terms of opportunities and challenges. The huge number of new events and diplomatic options tied to China liven things up as well. Obviously, however, the further from China your realm is located, the less any of this is going to matter.

Holy Fury (2018) - $19.99

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Highlights

• The final DLC for CK2, that actually features mechanics and bits back-ported from CK3's design.
• Adds ‘Random’ and ‘Shattered’ World generation options. One lets you play on a completely fictional map of Europe, a la Random New World from EU4, while the other keeps the land-mass in place and simply changes up the faction dynamics and configurations.
• Legendary Bloodlines allow for really good characters to pass on buffs and bonuses to their descendants. Players can found their own, but there’s also some pre-made historical ones as well.
• Some new event chains to go along with the (free) revamped Crusader mechanics.
• Extremely pious characters can become saints, and Feudal Kings must find Clergy to crown them and legitimise their authority.
• Lots and lots of other changes big and small.

Is it worth it?

It’s a strong yes, although there’s an equally strong caveat. Holy Fury manages to breathe new life into the wider game thanks to the Random/Shattered world options. Much like the Random New World from EU4, your mileage on this may vary, but Holy Fury also manages to completely revitalise the Christian game specifically on more standard map settings through new Crusade and Character mechanics. We didn’t think CK2 could do it again, but by gosh, it’s done it again. It's almost tragic in the way that this is the game's final expansion, although the development team mentioned that they wanted to send CK2 off on a high note. I'd say they definitely achieved that.

CAVEAT: Unfortunately, if you lack DLCs like Sword of Islam, Sons of Abraham, and Rajas of India you may accidentally run into several ‘Game Over’ states if you switch your character to a religion you’re not allowed to play as. Check our review for more details. Also, the free patch once again proves to be as strong, if not stronger, than the DLC itself.

MINOR CK2 DLCs:

Ruler Designer ($4.99) - Allows you to create a ruler from scratch, selecting traits, appearance, culture, religion, and stats. They will replace any character in the historical map you choose. This is a fun, worthwhile little DLC… but keep in mind that in a game you will likely play for over a dozen generations, the character you create will only be a small part of the story.

Customization Pack ($4.99) - Allows you to change the hair and beard of a character any time you want, as well as rename any of your titles. While by no means essential, I’d definitely miss being able to call the empire I just founded whatever I damn well please if I were to play without it.

Europa Universalis IV Save Converter ($9.99) - In theory, this is one of my single favourite pieces of DLC Paradox has ever put out. Being able to continue my medieval shenanigans into the renaissance, potentially completing an epic, 1100-year-long mega-campaign makes me drool just thinking about it. The only reason this one doesn’t get my unreserved endorsement is that support for it is spotty. The team in charge of maintaining the converter is far too small (basically one guy, from what I understand), to keep up with the major changes being made to both games on a regular basis. Sometimes, it’s in great working shape. At other times, it’s largely nonfunctional with little concept of when a new update might get it up and running again. I’m so, so, so glad it exists, and it’s a wonder to behold when it’s in top form. I just wish it got the love it deserved to be an integral part of PDS’s grand strategy equation.

THE BREAKDOWN

Essential Expansions for Everyone:

1. The Old Gods
2. Legacy of Rome (Specifically for the Retinues feature)
3. Way of Life
4. Conclave
5. The Reaper’s Due

Situational Expansions (In No Particular Order):

• Holy Fury (Essential for Christians and Pagans)
• Sword of Islam (Essential for Muslims)
• The Republic (Essential for Republics)
• Sons of Abraham (Essential for Judaism, Very Highly Recommended for Christians and Muslims)
• Rajas of India (Essential for Indian religions)
• Charlemagne (Essential for Zunists, Very Highly Recommended for playing large, advanced empires due to the Vice-royality features)
• Horse Lords (Essential for Steppe Nomads)
• Jade Dragon (Highly recommended for the Far East - particularly the steppe, Tibet, and the Tarim Basin. Not necessarily essential for India.)

Got any other thoughts on the Crusader Kings II DLCs? Let us know in the comments below!

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The Kingdom of Semien (Hebrew: ממלכת סאמיאן‎), sometimes referred to as the Kingdom of Beta Israel (Hebrew: ממלכת ביתא ישראל‎), was an ancient kingdom of the Beta Israel centered in the northwestern part of the Ethiopian Empire that came to an end in 1627 during the reign of emperor Susenyos I.^{[citation needed]}

It was preceded by a number of regions which were in Jewish rule in the north-west part of Ethiopia. The Jewish-Ethiopian tradition dates the establishment of the Kingdom of Semien to the fourth century, right after the kingdom of Axum turned to Christianity during the reign of Ezana of Axum.^[1][2]

Incumbents[edit]

Gideons dynasty[edit]

A dynasty of Ethiopian kings and privileged descendants of Zadok who was a high priest during the reign of King David and King Solomon. According to the tradition of the Beta Israel community, Zadok's son Azariah was sent to Ethiopia together with Menelik.

• King Phineas – the first king of the Beta Israel during the time period of emperor Ezana of Axum.
• King Gideon IV – the father of Queen Judith.
• Queen Judith – (c. 960 – c. 1000) destroyed the Aksumite Empire.
• King Gideon V – (1434–1468) led the revolt against the emperor Zara Yaqob.
• King Joram – the king of the Beta Israel during the time period of emperor Gelawdewos of Ethiopia.
• King Radi – King of the Beta Israel after King Joram during time period of emperor Menas of Ethiopia.
• King Caleb – King of the Beta Israel after King Radi during time period of emperor Sarsa Dengel of Ethiopia.
• King Goshen – King of the Beta Israel during time period of emperor Sarsa Dengel.
• King Gideon VII – King of the Beta Israel during time period of emperor Susenyos of Ethiopia.
• King Pinchas – King of the Beta Israel after Gideon VII. The last king of Beta Israel.

Name[edit]

According to the Beta Israel tradition, during its time the kingdom was called the 'Kingdom of the Gideons', after the name of the dynasty of Jewish kings that ruled it. A document from the 10th century by an Arab historian states that the name of the kingdom which took over the empire of Aksum after the revolt of Queen Judith is 'ha-Dani'.^{[citation needed]} This document might validate the documents of Eldad ha-Dani, who mentioned that the Tribe of Dan exiled voluntarily and established an independent kingdom. Between the 15th century and the early 17th century the Ethiopian Empire referred to the kingdom as 'Falasha'. This name was later on popularized and also appears in Jewish writings from that period. The 16th century geographer Livio Sanuto referred to the kingdom as 'Land of the Jews' ('Judaeorum Terra') in his 'Tabula X' map published in 1588. Leo Africanus also referred to the kingdom of Beta Israel as 'Land of the Jews' ('terra de' Giudei').

Another name which was very common in the 16th and 17th centuries was the 'Kingdom of Semien' – given to the kingdom after the area which it dominated after it lost control over the regions of Dembiya and Wegera.

History[edit]

Establishment[edit]

According to the Beta Israel tradition, the Jewish kingdom of Beta Israel or kingdom of Semien was initially established after Ezana was crowned as the Emperor of Axum (in 325 CE). Ezana, who was educated in his childhood by the missioner Frumentius, declared Christianity as the religion of the Ethiopian empire after he was crowned. The inhabitants who practiced Judaism and refused to convert to Christianity began revolting – this group was referred to as 'Beta Israel' by the emperor. The Beta Israel kingdom was eventually established after a civil war between the Jewish population and the Christian population.^[3] The Jewish rebels wanted to distinguish themselves from the people who practiced Christianity and therefore during that civil war the Jewish community began to migrate out of the Empire towards the Semien Mountains region and the province of Dembiya – regions located north of Lake Tana and south of the Tekezé River – at that time this region (Semien) was not an integral part of the Axum Empire and as a result, the Jews began to establish their kingdom in Semien. They crowned the first king, Phineas, a descendant of the Jewish High PriestZadok, and started a period of territorial expansion eastward and southward.

During the mid 9th century the empire of Aksum began a new expansion which led to an armed conflict between the Empire forces and the Beta Israel forces. The Beta Israel kingdom under King Gideon the fourth managed to defeat the Axum forces. Nevertheless, during the battle king Gideon was killed. As a result, Gideon's daughter Judith (Gudit) inherited the kingdom from her father and took command. Judith's first challenge was to stop any future invasions to the kingdom by the Christian Aksumite Empire. As a result, Judith formed a military alliance with the Agaw, who also opposed the expansion of the Christian Aksumite Empire.

Around 960, the large tribal confederation led by Queen Judith, which included both forces of the Agaw tribes and the Beta Israel forces, invaded the capital of Axum and conquered and destroyed the city of Axum (including many churches and monasteries which were burned and destroyed) and imposed Jewish rule over Axum.^[4][5] In addition, the Axumite throne was snatched and the forces of Queen Judith sacked and burned the Debre Damo monastery which at the time was a treasury and a prison for the male relatives of the emperor of Ethiopia, killing all of the potential heirs of the emperor.

After the fall of the Axum Empire, Queen Judith crowned herself as the empress and appointed governors in the provinces which were conquered. Queen Judith ruled over the territory she conquered for around 40 years, establishing trade relations with the neighboring countries^[6] and eventually passing the throne on to her descendants.

The Golden Age of the Beta Israel kingdom took place, according to the Ethiopian tradition, between the years 858–1270, in which the Jewish kingdom flourished. During that period the world Jewry heard for the first time the stories of Eldad ha-Dani who apparently visited the kingdom. Marco Polo and Benjamin of Tudela also mention an independent Ethiopian Jewish kingdom in the writings from that period. This period ends with the rise of the Christian Solomonic dynasty.

Wars and collapse[edit]

In 1270 the Christian Solomonic dynasty was restored^[7] after the crowning of a monarch who claimed descent from the single royal prince who managed to escape Queen Judith's uprising. For the next three centuries the Solomonic Dynasty emperors conducted a long and ongoing series of armed confrontations with the Jewish Kingdom.

In 1329, EmperorAmda Seyon campaigned in the northwest provinces of Semien, Wegera, Tselemt, and Tsegede, in which many had been converting to Judaism and where the Beta Israel had been gaining prominence.^[8] He sent troops there to fight people 'like Jews' (Ge'ez ከመ:አይሁድ kama ayhūd).^[9]

During the reign of Emperor Yeshaq (1414–1429) who invaded the Jewish kingdom, annexed it and began to exert religious pressure. Yeshaq divided the occupied territories of the Jewish kingdom into three provinces which were controlled by commissioners appointed by him. He reduced the Jews' social status below that of Christians^[9] and forced the Jews to convert or lose their land. It would be given away as rist, a type of land qualification that rendered it forever inheritable by the recipient and not transferable by the Emperor. Yeshaq decreed, 'He who is baptized in the Christian religion may inherit the land of his father, otherwise let him be a Falāsī.' This may have been the origin for the term 'Falasha' (falāšā, 'wanderer,' or 'landless person').^[9]

By 1450 the Jewish kingdom managed to annex back the territories it lost beforehand and began preparing to fight the armies of the emperor. The Beta Israel forces invaded the Ethiopian Empire in 1462 but lost the campaign and many of its military forces were killed. Later on the forces of the Ethiopian emperor invaded the Kingdom of Semien in the region of Begemder and massacred many of the Jews in that region throughout a period of seven years. Although the area of the kingdom became significantly smaller afterwards, the Jews were able to eventually restore their kingdom.

Between the years 1529 until 1543 the Muslim Adal Sultanate armies with the assistance of forces from the Ottoman Empireinvaded and fought the Ethiopian Empire and came close to extinguishing the ancient realm of Ethiopia. During that time period the Jews made a pact with the Ethiopian Empire. The leaders of the Kingdom of Beta Israel changed their alliance during the war and began supporting the Muslim Adal Sultanate armies. The Adal Sultanate armies did not see in favor the Jewish kingdom's change of alliance and continued the fight against them, and later on conquered different regions of the Jewish Kingdom, severely damaged its economy and killed many of its members. As a result, the leaders of the Beta Israel kingdom turned to the Ethiopian empire and their allies the Portuguese and requested their assistance in conquering the kingdom regions back from the Adal Sultanate. The forces of the Ethiopian empire eventually succeeded in conquering the kingdom and freeing Ethiopia from Ahmed Gragn. Nevertheless, the Ethiopian empire decided to declare war against the Jewish Kingdom of Semien due to the Jewish leaders' change of position during the Ethiopian–Adal War. With the assistance of Portuguese forces from the Order of the Jesuits, the Ethiopian empire, under the rule of Emperor Gelawdewos, invaded the Jewish kingdom and executed the Jewish king Joram. As a result of this battle, the areas of kingdom became significantly smaller and now included only the region of the Semien Mountains.

In the 16th century, the Chief Rabbi of Egypt, Rabbi David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra (Radbaz) proclaimed that in terms of halakha (Jewish legal code), the Ethiopian community was certainly Jewish.^[10]

Google earth pro cost. After the execution of king Joram, King Radi became the leader of the Beta Israel kingdom. King Radi also fought against the Ethiopian Empire which at that period of time was ruled by Emperor Menas. The forces of the Jewish kingdom managed to conquer the area south of the kingdom and strengthened their defenses in the Semien Mountains. The battles against the forces of emperor Menas were successful as the Ethiopian empire forces were eventually defeated.

During the reign of emperor Sarsa Dengel the Jewish kingdom was invaded and the forces of the Ethiopian empire besieged the kingdom, the Jews survived the siege, but at the end of the siege the King Goshen was executed and many of his soldiers as well as many other Beta Israel members committed mass suicide.

When the Ethiopian empire forces invaded to Semien region they encountered resistance from the new king Gideon VII. The forces of the Ethiopian empire eventually decided to end the blockade and the Jewish kingdom was restored.

During the reign of emperor Susenyos, the Ethiopian empire waged war against the Jewish kingdom and managed to conquer the kingdom and annex it to the Ethiopian empire by 1627.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^James Bruce, Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile, Vol. I, p. 485
2. ^Steven Kaplan, The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopia, p. 94
3. ^James Bruce, Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile, Page 408.
4. ^Jamie Stokes, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Vol. I, p. 223
5. ^Hannah Adams, The history of the Jews: from the destruction of Jerusalem to the present time, Vol. II, p. 35
6. ^Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity, p. 110
7. ^Teshome G. Wagaw, For our soul: Ethiopian Jews in Israel, p. 249
8. ^Pankhurst, Richard, The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century (Asmara: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 79.
9. ^ ^abcSteven Kaplan, 'Betä Əsraʾel', in Siegbert Uhlig, ed., Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A–C (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2003), p. 553.
10. ^Mitchell Geoffrey Bard, From tragedy to triumph: the politics behind the rescue of Ethiopian Jewry, Page 19.

Further reading[edit]

• Steven Kaplan, The Beta Israel: Falasha in Ethiopia: From Earliest Times to the Twentieth Century, New York University Press, 1994
• James Arthur Quirin, The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jews: A History of the Beta Israel, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992